SELECT
tip_amount,
trip_id,
dateDiff('minutes', pickup_datetime, dropoff_datetime) AS trip_duration_min
FROM nyc_taxi.trips WHERE tip_amount > 200 AND trip_duration_min > 0
ORDER BY tip_amount, trip_id ASC
请注意，由于我们正在过滤 tip_amount，而 tip_amount 不在 ORDER BY 中，因此 ClickHouse 必须执行全表扫描。让我们加速此查询。
为了保留原始表和结果，我们将使用 INSERT INTO SELECT 创建一个新表并复制数据
CREATE TABLE nyc_taxi.trips_with_projection AS nyc_taxi.trips;
INSERT INTO nyc_taxi.trips_with_projection SELECT * FROM nyc_taxi.trips;
要添加投影，我们使用 ALTER TABLE 语句和 ADD PROJECTION 语句
ALTER TABLE nyc_taxi.trips_with_projection
ADD PROJECTION prj_tip_amount
(
SELECT *
ORDER BY tip_amount, dateDiff('minutes', pickup_datetime, dropoff_datetime)
)
ALTER TABLE nyc.trips_with_projection MATERIALIZE PROJECTION prj_tip_amount
现在我们添加了投影，让我们再次运行查询
SELECT
tip_amount,
trip_id,
dateDiff('minutes', pickup_datetime, dropoff_datetime) AS trip_duration_min
FROM nyc_taxi.trips_with_projection WHERE tip_amount > 200 AND trip_duration_min > 0
ORDER BY tip_amount, trip_id ASC
请注意，我们能够大大减少查询时间，并且需要扫描的行数更少。
我们可以通过查询 system.query_log 表来确认我们的查询确实使用了我们创建的投影
SELECT query, projections
FROM system.query_log
WHERE query_id='<query_id>'
SELECT
tables,
query,
query_duration_ms::String || ' ms' AS query_duration,
formatReadableQuantity(read_rows) AS read_rows,
projections
FROM clusterAllReplicas(default, system.query_log)
WHERE (type = 'QueryFinish') AND (tables = ['default.uk_price_paid_with_projections'])
ORDER BY initial_query_start_time DESC
LIMIT 2
FORMAT Vertical
Row 1:
──────
tables: ['uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections']
query: SELECT
county,
avg(price)
FROM uk_price_paid_with_projections
GROUP BY county
ORDER BY avg(price) DESC
LIMIT 3
query_duration: 5 ms
read_rows: 132.00
projections: ['uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections.prj_gby_county']
Row 2:
──────
tables: ['uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections']
query: SELECT
county,
price
FROM uk_price_paid_with_projections
WHERE town = 'LONDON'
ORDER BY price DESC
LIMIT 3
SETTINGS log_queries=1
query_duration: 11 ms
read_rows: 2.29 million
projections: ['uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections.prj_obj_town_price']
2 rows in set. Elapsed: 0.006 sec.
为了保留我们原始的表（和性能），我们再次使用 CREATE AS 和 INSERT INTO SELECT 创建表的副本。
CREATE TABLE uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2 AS uk.uk_price_paid;
INSERT INTO uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2 SELECT * FROM uk.uk_price_paid;
ALTER TABLE uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2
ADD PROJECTION projection_by_year_district_town
(
SELECT
toYear(date),
district,
town,
avg(price),
sum(price),
count()
GROUP BY
toYear(date),
district,
town
)
填充现有数据的投影。（如果没有将其具体化，投影将仅为新插入的数据创建）
ALTER TABLE uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2
MATERIALIZE PROJECTION projection_by_year_district_town
SETTINGS mutations_sync = 1
SELECT
toYear(date) AS year,
round(avg(price)) AS price,
bar(price, 0, 1000000, 80)
FROM uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2
GROUP BY year
ORDER BY year ASC
SETTINGS optimize_use_projections=0
SELECT
toYear(date) AS year,
round(avg(price)) AS price,
bar(price, 0, 1000000, 80)
FROM uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2
GROUP BY year
ORDER BY year ASC
SELECT
toYear(date) AS year,
round(avg(price)) AS price,
bar(price, 0, 2000000, 100)
FROM uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2
WHERE town = 'LONDON'
GROUP BY year
ORDER BY year ASC
SETTINGS optimize_use_projections=0
SELECT
toYear(date) AS year,
round(avg(price)) AS price,
bar(price, 0, 2000000, 100)
FROM uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2
WHERE town = 'LONDON'
GROUP BY year
ORDER BY year ASC
SELECT
town,
district,
count() AS c,
round(avg(price)) AS price,
bar(price, 0, 5000000, 100)
FROM uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2
WHERE toYear(date) >= 2020
GROUP BY
town,
district
HAVING c >= 100
ORDER BY price DESC
LIMIT 100
SETTINGS optimize_use_projections=0
SELECT
town,
district,
count() AS c,
round(avg(price)) AS price,
bar(price, 0, 5000000, 100)
FROM uk.uk_price_paid_with_projections_v2
WHERE toYear(date) >= 2020
GROUP BY
town,
district
HAVING c >= 100
ORDER BY price DESC
LIMIT 100
CREATE TABLE page_views
(
id UInt64,
event_date Date,
user_id UInt32,
url String,
region String,
PROJECTION region_proj
(
SELECT _part_offset ORDER BY region
),
PROJECTION user_id_proj
(
SELECT _part_offset ORDER BY user_id
)
)
ENGINE = MergeTree
ORDER BY (event_date, id)
SETTINGS
index_granularity = 1, -- one row per granule
max_bytes_to_merge_at_max_space_in_pool = 1; -- disable merge
然后我们将数据插入到表中
INSERT INTO page_views VALUES (
1, '2025-07-01', 101, 'https://example.com/page1', 'europe');
INSERT INTO page_views VALUES (
2, '2025-07-01', 102, 'https://example.com/page2', 'us_west');
INSERT INTO page_views VALUES (
3, '2025-07-02', 106, 'https://example.com/page3', 'us_west');
INSERT INTO page_views VALUES (
4, '2025-07-02', 107, 'https://example.com/page4', 'us_west');
INSERT INTO page_views VALUES (
5, '2025-07-03', 104, 'https://example.com/page5', 'asia');
注意
注意：该表使用自定义设置进行说明，例如单行粒度和禁用了部分合并，不建议在生产环境中使用。
此设置产生
五个单独的部分（每个插入的行一个）
每个行一个主索引条目（在基本表和每个投影中）
每个部分恰好包含一行
有了这个设置，我们运行一个过滤 region 和 user_id 的查询。由于基本表的主索引是由 event_date 和 id 构建的，因此在这里没有帮助，ClickHouse 因此使用
